高三英语复习:逆向思维 巧用形容词和副词
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南开中学 段胜利
高考英语对形容词、副词等修饰词的考查,每年都多有涉及,所占比例相对稳定。近几年高考天津卷,除了在单项选择中命制两道形容词对名词,副词对形容词或动词的恰当修饰题目之外,在完形填空中也会有三、四个选项涉及形容词和副词的选择。单纯从词汇角度看形容词和副词,在使用时要克服中文思维,采用逆向思维的方法,从下面几个方面掌握好它们的使用。
一、一词多义、一义多词和同义、近义词辨析
任何一种语言都有“一词多义”的现象,英语也不例外。其中,形容词和副词的一词多义更是丰富多彩。
例一:Mary kept weighing herself to see how much ______she was getting.
A.heavier B.heavy
C.the heavier D.the heaviest
答案A。Mary一直称体重看(比前一次)重多少,题干中暗含比较,much修饰比较级。这里的heavy是我们最常见的“重”的概念。
例二:That his only son was killed in car accident was a ________ blow to the old man.
A. heavy B. broad
C. plain D. main
答案A。老人的儿子在车祸中丧生对他来说是沉重的打击。这里的heavy是“强烈的”“沉重的”意思。
例三:Mr. Smith used to smoke ________but he has given it up.
A.seriously B.heavily
C.badly D.hardly
答案B。Mr. Smith以前烟抽得很凶,但现在已经戒掉了。这里的heavy指的是量大,次数频繁。
从上面三个例子不难看出,同一个形容词和副词,在不同的语境中,会有其不同的词义。这里,heavy一词,我们只提到了三个词义,当然在a heavy heart、heavy food、something not too heavy to read、a heavy winter coat等短语中还分别有 “沉郁的”“腻人的”“乏味的”“厚实的”等词义。
与形容词和副词一词多义相伴,在选择修饰语时,某一个中文词的意思,对应到英文,是不是就是我们想象的那个词呢?
例如,汉语的“大”一字,用在“大雨”“大风”“大树”“大声”“大山”“大胜”等词语中,在英语里,能简单地用一个big(大)而一概而论吗?不行!要根据搭配,分别使用不同的形容词,即“a heavy rain” “a strong wind”“a tall tree”“in a loud voice”“a high mountain”“a big win”等。
在形容词和副词考查中,有时会碰到同义、近义词的辨用。辨用时,单从汉语意思上有时是无法辨清的。我们要逆向思维,采用反义对比、分析构词等方法,使词的语义一目了然。
例一:请回答下面这一组题
1.When I took his temperature, it was two degrees above _____.
A. average B. ordinary
C. regular D. normal
2. Letterboxes are much more _____in the UK than in the US, where most people have a mailbox instead.
A. common B. normal
C. ordinary D. usual
3. It’s in the _____ interest that we should have a well-run health service.
A. ordinary B. usual
C. particular D. general
4. Now, in our country free medical treatment covers sickness of mind as well as___ sickness.
A.normal B.average
C.regular D.ordinary
答案D A D D。这组题目主要涉及ordinary,usual,common,normal等词语的辨用,而这几个词语的中文意义十分相近,甚至英文也是在相互释义,如common:usual and ordinary; happening or found often and in many places。
要辨清这几个词的用法,我们不妨来个逆向思维,从它们的反义词上去找些“蛛丝马迹”:ordinary—special (特殊);general—specific,particular (具体的,个体的);common—rare (少见);normal—abnormal (不正常,对应标准和尺度)。从反义词的角度,把同义、近义词做一比对,它们的区别便一目了然。另外,使用这些同义、近义词,再生成一些搭配,也可以帮助我们进一步辨用词语。如:a common experience,a usual practice;in ordinary dress,general knowledge等。
例二:请回答下面这一组题
1. She has the ability to keep ______in an emergency.
A. quiet B. calm
C. still D. silent
2.——You'd better be___about what happened in your family.
——Of course I will let no one else know it.
A. silent B. quiet
C. calm D. speechless
3. They lived a life in the countryside.
A. quiet B. still
C. silent D. calm
答案B A A。与上面的例子一样,我们可以从这几个“静”的反义词角度来加以辨析。calm对wild,指海上无浪,情绪镇静;still对应not moving,指不动;silent对应wordy,指不出声;quiet对应noisy,安静,无噪音。