高中化学方程式总结:非金属氢化物
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高中化学非金属氢化物化学方程式总结:
1、还原性:
4hcl(浓)+mno2===mncl2+cl2+2h2o
4hcl(g)+o2===2cl2+2h2o
16hcl+2kmno4===2kcl+2mncl2+5cl2+8h2o
14hcl+k2cr2o7===2kcl+2crcl3+3cl2+7h2o
2h2o+2f2===4hf+o2
2h2s+3o2(足量)===2so2+2h2o
2h2s+o2(少量)===2s+2h2o
2h2s+so2===3s+2h2o
h2s+h2so4(浓)===s+so2+2h2o
3h2s+2hno(稀)===3s+2no+4h2o
5h2s+2kmno4+3h2so4===2mnso4+k2so4+5s+8h2o
3h2s+k2cr2o7+4h2so4===cr2(so4)3+k2so4+3s+7h2o
h2s+4na2o2+2h2o===na2so4+6naoh
2nh3+3cuo===3cu+n2+3h2o
2nh3+3cl2===n2+6hcl
8nh3+3cl2===n2+6nh4cl
4nh3+3o2(纯氧)===2n2+6h2o
4nh3+5o2===4no+6h2o
4nh3+6no===5n2+6ho(用氨清除no)
nah+h2o===naoh+h2
4nah+ticl4===ti+4nacl+2h2
cah2+2h2o===ca(oh)2+2h2
2、酸性:
4hf+sio2===sif4+2h2o
(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中sio2的含量)
2hf+cacl2===caf2+2hcl
h2s+fe===fes+h2
h2s+cucl2===cus+2hcl
h2s+2agno3===ag2s+2hno3
h2s+hgcl2===hgs+2hcl
h2s+pb(no3)2===pbs+2hno3
h2s+fecl2===
2nh3+2na==2nanh2+h2
(nanh2+h2o===naoh+nh3)
3、碱性:
nh3+hcl===nh4cl
nh3+hno3===nh4no3
2nh3+h2so4===(nh4)2so4
nh3+nacl+h2o+co2===nahco3+nh4cl
(此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)
4、不稳定性:
2hf===h2+f2
2hcl===h2+cl2
2h2o===2h2+o2
2h2o2===2h2o+o2
h2s===h2+s
非金属氢化物方程式
1、低价态的还原性:
2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4(这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)
2SO2+O2===2SO3SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClSO2+NO2===SO3+NO
SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HI
2NO+O2===2NO2
NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)
2CO+O2===2CO2CO+CuO===Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2
CO+H2O===CO2+H2
非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)
1、还原性:
4HCl(浓)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O
16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O
14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O
2H2O+2F2===4HF+O22H2S+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O
2H2S+O2(少量)===2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2O
H2S+H2SO4(浓)===S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO(稀)===3S+2NO+4H2O
5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O
3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2O
H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH
2NH3+3CuO===3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl
8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(纯氧)===2N2+6H2O
4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO===5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO)
NaH+H2O===NaOH+H24NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2
CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H2
2、酸性:
4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量)
2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HCl
H2S+Fe===FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2===CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3
H2S+HgCl2===HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS+2HNO3
H2S+FeCl2===FeS+2HCl
2NH3+2Na==2NaNH2+H2(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)
3、碱性:
NH3+HCl===NH4ClNH3+HNO3===NH4NO32NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4
NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl(此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)
4、不稳定性:
2HF===H2+F22HCl===H2+Cl22H2O===2H2+O22H2O2===2H2O+O2
H2S===H2+S2NH3===N2+3H2
金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)的还原性
2Na+H2===2NaH4Na+O2===2Na2O2Na2O+O2===2Na2O2
2Na+O2===Na2O22Na+S===Na2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2
2Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)===4NaCl+Ti
Mg+Cl2===MgCl2Mg+Br2===MgBr22Mg+O2===2MgO
Mg+S===MgSMg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2
2Mg+TiCl4(熔融)===Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb
2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+SiMg+H2S===MgS+H2
Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2
2Al+3Cl2===2AlCl34Al+3O2===2Al2O3(钝化)
4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg(铝汞齐)
4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe
2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2
2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2
2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)
Al+4HNO(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2
2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3Fe+I2===FeI2Fe+S===FeS
3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu
Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)
非金属单质(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si)
1、氧化性:
F2+H2===2HFF2+Xe(过量)===XeF22F2(过量)+Xe===XeF4
nF2+2M===2MFn(表示大部分金属)2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2
2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2
F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF
3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF37F2(过量)+I2===2IF7
Cl2+H2===2HCl3Cl2+2P===2PCl3Cl2+PCl3===PCl5
Cl2+2Na===2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe===2FeCl3Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3
Cl2+Cu===CuCl22Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I2
5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S
Cl2+H2S===2HCl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2
2O2+3Fe===Fe3O4O2+K===KO2
S+H2===H2S2S+C===CS2S+Fe===FeSS+2Cu===Cu2S
3S+2Al===Al2S3S+Zn===ZnS
N2+3H2===2NH3N2+3Mg===Mg3N2N2+3Ca===Ca3N2
N2+3Ba===Ba3N2N2+6Na===2Na3NN2+6K===2K3N
N2+6Rb===2Rb3N
P4+6H2===4PH3P+3Na===Na3P2P+3Zn===Zn3P2
2、还原性
S+O2===SO2S+H2SO4(浓)===3SO2+2H2O
S+6HNO3(浓)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO(稀)===3SO2+4NO+2H2O
N2+O2===2NO
4P+5O2===P4O10(常写成P2O5)2P+3X2===2PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)
PX3+X2===PX5P4+20HNO3(浓)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O
C+2F2===CF4C+2Cl2===CCl42C+O2(少量)===2CO
C+O2(足量)===CO2C+CO2===2COC+H2O===CO+H2(生成水煤气)
2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(制得粗硅)
Si(粗)+2Cl===SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2===SiO2
Si+C===SiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2
3、(碱中)歧化
Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO(加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化)
Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2OCl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O
3Cl2+6KOH(热,浓)===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O
4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO2
11P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4
3C+CaO===CaC2+CO3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO
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